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2024 Articolo in rivista open access

Divertor Tokamak Test facility project: status of design and implementation

Romanelli F. ; Abate D. ; Acampora E. ; Agguiaro D. ; Agnello R. ; Agostinetti P. ; Agostini M. ; Aimetta A. ; Albanese R. ; Alberti G. ; Albino M. ; Alessi E. ; Almaviva S. ; Alonzo M. ; Ambrosino R. ; Andreoli P. ; Angelone M. ; Angelucci M. ; Angioni C. ; Angrisani Armenio A. ; Antonini P. ; Aprile D. ; Apruzzese G. ; Aquilini M. ; Aragone G. ; Arena P. ; Ariola M. ; Artaserse G. ; Aucone L. ; Augieri A. ; Auriemma F. ; Ayllon Guerola J. ; Badodi N. ; Baiocchi B. ; Balbinot L. ; Baldacchini C. ; Balestri A. ; Barberis T. ; Barone G. ; Barucca L. ; Baruzzo M. ; Begozzi S. ; Belardi V. ; Belli F. ; Belpane A. ; Beone F. ; Bertolami S. ; Bianucci S. ; Bifaretti S. ; Bigioni S. ; Bin W. ; Boccali P. ; Boeswirth B. ; Bogazzi E. ; Bojoi R. ; Bollanti S. ; Bolzonella T. ; Bombarda F. ; Bonan M. ; Bonanomi N. ; Bonaventura A. ; Boncagni L. ; Bonesso M. ; Bonfiglio D. ; Bonifetto R. ; Bonomi D. ; Borgogno D. ; Borzone T. ; Botti S. ; Boz E. ; Braghin F. ; Brena M. ; Brezinsek S. ; Brombin M. ; Bruschi A. ; Buonocore S. ; Buratti P. ; Buratti P. ; Busi D. ; Calabro G. ; Caldora M. ; Calvo G. ; Camera G. ; Campana G. ; Candela S. ; Candela V. ; Cani F. ; Cantone L. ; Capaldo F. ; Cappello S. ; Caponero M. ; Carchella S. ; Cardinali A. ; Carnevale D. ; Carraro L. ; Carrelli C. ; Casalegno V. ; Casiraghi I. ; Castaldo C. ; Castaldo A. ; Castro G. ; Carpignano A. ; Causa F. ; Cavazzana R. ; Cavedon M. ; Cavenago M. ; Cecchini M. ; Ceccuzzi S. ; Celentano G. ; Celona L. ; Centioli C. ; Centomani G. V. ; Cesaroni S. ; Chiariello A. G. ; Chomicz R. ; Cianfarani C. ; Cichocki F. ; Cinque M. ; Cioffi A. ; Ciotti M. ; Cipriani M. ; Ciufo S. ; Claps V. ; Claps G. ; Coccorese V. ; Coccorese D. ; Colangeli A. ; Coltella T. ; Consoli F. ; Cordella F. ; Corradini D. ; Costa O. ; Crea F. ; Cremona A. ; Crescenzi F. ; Crisanti F. ; Cristofari G. ; Croci G. ; Cucchiaro A. ; D'Ambrosio D. ; Dal Molin M. ; Dalla Palma M. ; Dane F. ; Day C. ; De Angeli M. ; De Leo V. ; De Luca R. ; De Marchi E. ; De Marzi G. ; De Masi G. ; De Nardi E. ; De Piccoli C. ; De Sano G. ; De Santis M. ; De Tommasi G. ; Del Nevo A. ; Delfino A. ; Della Corte A. ; Deodati P. ; Desiderati S. ; Di Ferdinando E. ; Di Florio M. G. ; Di Gironimo G. ; Di Grazia L. E. ; Di Marzo V. ; Di Paolo F. ; Di Pietro E. ; Di Pietrantonio M. ; Di Prinzio M. ; Di Silvestre A. ; Di Zenobio A. ; Dima R. ; Domenichelli A. ; Doria A. ; Dose G. ; Dubbioso S. ; Dulla S. ; Duran I. ; Eboli M. ; Elitropi M. ; Emanuelli E. ; Esposito B. ; Ettorre P. ; Fabbri C. ; Fabbri F. ; Fadone M. ; Faggiano M. M. ; Falcioni F. ; Falessi M. V. ; Fanale F. ; Fanelli P. ; Fassina A. ; Fassina A. ; Favaretto M. ; Favero G. ; Ferraris M. ; Ferrazza F. ; Ferretti C. ; Ferro A. ; Ferron N. ; Fiamozzi Zignani C. ; Figini L. ; Filippi F. ; Filippini M. ; Fimiani A. ; Fincato M. ; Fiorenza F. ; Fiorucci D. ; Flammini D. ; Flora F. ; Fonnesu N. ; Franz P. ; Frassinetti L. ; Frattolillo A. ; Freda R. ; Fresa R. ; Frescura A. ; Frosi P. ; Fulici M. ; Furno Palumbo M. ; Fusco V. ; Fusco P. ; Gabellier L. ; Gaetani P. ; Gaio E. ; Gajetti E. ; Gaetani P. ; Galata A. ; Galdon Quiroga J. ; Galindo Huertas D. L. ; Gammino S. ; Gandolfo G. ; Garavaglia S. ; Garcia Lopez J. ; Garcia Munoz M. ; Gaudio P. ; Gelfusa M. ; Gervasini G. ; Giannini L. ; Giarrusso M. ; Gil C. ; Giorgetti F. ; Giovannozzi E. ; Giruzzi G. ; Giudicotti L. ; Gobbin M. ; Gorini G. ; Granucci G. ; Grasso D. ; Grasso T. ; Grazioso S. ; Greuner H. ; Griva G. ; Grosso G. ; Guerini S. ; Gunn J. P. ; Hauer V. ; Hidalgo Salaverri J. ; Hoppe M. ; Houry M. ; Hoelzl M. ; Iaboni A. ; Iafrati M. ; Iaiunese A. ; Imbriani V. ; Indrigo D. ; Innocente P. ; Koechl F. ; Koncar B. ; Kryzhanovskyy A. ; Laguardia L. ; Lampasi D. A. ; Lanchi C. ; Lanzotti F. ; Lanzotti A. ; Laquaniti M. ; Leone F. ; Li J. ; Libe M. ; Lisanti F. ; Liuzza D. ; Locati F. ; Lombroni R. ; Lorenzini R. ; Lorusso P. ; Lotto L. ; Loureiro J. ; Lucca F. ; Luda Di Cortemiglia T. ; Maccari P. ; Maddaluno G. ; Magagnino S. ; Manca G. ; Mancini A. ; Mandala P. ; Mandolesi B. ; Mandrile F. ; Manduchi G. ; Manfrin S. ; Manganelli M. ; Mantica P. ; Marchiori G. ; Marconato N. ; Marelli G. ; Mariani A. ; Marin A. ; Marinari R. ; Marinelli M. ; Marino F. ; Marino P. ; Marocco D. ; Marsilio R. ; Martelli E. ; Martin P. ; Martinelli F. ; Martini G. ; Martone R. ; Marucci A. ; Marzullo D. ; Masala V. ; Mascali D. ; Mascari F. ; Masi A. ; Massanova N. ; Mastrostefano S. ; Mattei M. ; Mauro G. ; Mauro S. ; Meineri C. ; Melaragni L. ; Mele A. ; Meller P. ; Meloni S. ; Menicucci I. ; Messina G. ; Mezi L. ; Micciche G. ; Micheletti M. ; Migliori S. ; Milanesio D. ; Milazzo F. ; Milazzo R. ; Minelli P. ; Minucci S. ; Mirizzi F. ; Missirlian M. ; Monarca D. ; Monti C. ; Mori M. ; Moriani A. ; Morici L. ; Moro A. ; Moro A. ; Moro F. ; Mosetti P. ; Mozzillo R. ; Murari A. ; Muraro A. ; Murra D. ; Muscente P. ; Musumeci S. ; Muzzi L. ; Nallo G. F. ; Napoli F. ; Nardon E. ; Naselli E. ; Neu R. ; Nocente M. ; Notazio M. ; Nowak S. ; Ocello E. ; Oliva A. ; Orsetti V. ; Orsini A. ; Orsitto F. P. ; Ortino M. ; Ottavi M. ; Paccagnella G. ; Pacella D. ; Pagani I. ; Paganucci N. ; Pagliaro A. ; Palazzolo V. ; Palermo M. ; Palomba S. ; Panza F. ; Paoletti D. ; Parisi M. ; Pasqualotto R. ; Passarello S. ; Passoni M. ; Patton T. ; Pelliccia L. ; Peloso A. ; Pepato A. ; Perelli E. ; Perencin A. ; Peruzzo S. ; Pesenti A. ; Pedroni N. ; Petrolini P. ; Piergotti V. ; Pidatella A. ; Pigatto L. ; Pillon M. ; Pinna T. ; Pipolo S. ; Piras S. ; Piron C. ; Piron L. ; Pironti A. ; Pistilli M. ; Placido D. ; Pizzuto A. ; Platania P. ; Polimadei A. ; Pollastrone F. ; Polli G. M. ; Pomaro N. ; Pompili F. ; Ponti C. ; Porcelli F. ; Prandelli V. ; Previti A. ; Princiotta A. ; Pucino G. ; Quaglia F. ; Quercia A. ; Raffaelli F. ; Ramogida G. ; Ranieri G. ; Raspante B. ; Ravarotto D. ; Ravera G. L. ; Reale A. ; Rebesan P. ; Recchia M. ; Regine D. ; Renno F. ; Riccardi B. ; Ricci D. ; Rigamonti D. ; Ripani M. ; Rispoli N. ; Roccella S. ; Rocchi G. ; Roche H. ; Romanato M. ; Romanelli F. ; Romanelli F. ; Romanelli G. ; Romaniello R. ; Romano A. ; Romano M. ; Romano R. ; Rossi R. ; Rubinacci G. ; Rubino G. ; Rubino G. ; Rubino S. ; Rueda Rueda J. ; Rufoloni A. ; Salvia C. ; Salvini P. ; Scarpari M. ; Salvitti A. ; Salvo L. ; Sandri S. ; Santoro F. ; Satriano A. ; Savoldi L. ; Scardino C. ; Schettini G. ; Schmuck S. ; Scionti J. ; Sciscio M. ; Scungio M. ; Sedlak K. ; Senni L. ; Sias G. ; Sibio A. ; Simonetto A. ; Singh L. ; Sirignano A. ; Sozzi C. ; Spada I. ; Spagnolo S. ; Spinicci L. ; Spizzo G. ; Spolaore M. ; Stefanini C. ; Strobel H. ; Subba F. ; Taccogna F. ; Taheri B. ; Tantos C. ; Tarallo A. ; Tarantino M. ; Tardini G. ; Tardocchi M. ; Tarfila P. ; Tenaglia A. ; Terlizzi C. ; Terranova D. ; Testa D. ; Testa E. ; Testoni R. ; Toigo V. ; Torrisi G. ; Trotta A. ; Trovato G. ; Tsitrone E. ; Tuccillo A. ; Tudisco O. ; Turcato M. ; Turtu S. ; Uccello A. ; Ugoletti M. ; Uras O. ; Uras M. ; Utili M. ; Vaccaro V. ; Valentini F. ; Valletti L. ; Valisa M. ; Van Eester D. ; Vanzan D. ; Vassallo E. ; Vecchi G. ; Vellucci M. ; Venneri I. ; Ventura G. ; Veranda M. ; Verdini L. ; Verona C. ; Verona Rinati G. ; Veronese F. ; Vianello N. ; Vigano F. ; Villano O. ; Villari R. ; Villone F. ; Vincenzi P. ; Vitale V. ; Vivio F. ; Vlad G. ; Wischmeier M. ; Wu H. S. ; Wyss I. ; Zanino R. ; Zaniol B. ; Zanon F. ; Zappatore A. ; Zavarise G. ; Zito P. ; Zoppoli A. ; Zucchetti M. ; Zuin M. ; Zumbolo P.

An overview is presented of the progress since 2021 in the construction and scientific programme preparation of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility. Licensing for building construction has been granted at the end of 2021. Licensing for Cat. A radiologic source has been also granted in 2022. The construction of the toroidal field magnet system is progressing. The prototype of the 170 GHz gyrotron has been produced and it is now under test on the FALCON facility. The design of the vacuum vessel, the poloidal field coils and the civil infrastructures has been completed. The shape of the first DTT divertor has been agreed with EUROfusion to test different plasma and exhaust scenarios: single null, double null, X-divertor and negative triangularity plasmas. A detailed research plan is being elaborated with the involvement of the EUROfusion laboratories.

divertor, exhaust, plasma scenarios
2024 Articolo in rivista open access

Experimental research on the TCV tokamak

Duval B. P. ; Abdolmaleki A. ; Agostini M. ; Ajay C. J. ; Alberti S. ; Alessi E. ; Anastasiou G. ; Andrebe Y. ; Apruzzese G. M. ; Auriemma F. ; Ayllon-Guerola J. ; Bagnato F. ; Baillod A. ; Bairaktaris F. ; Balbinot L. ; Balestri A. ; Baquero-Ruiz M. ; Barcellona C. ; Bernert M. ; Bin W. ; Blanchard P. ; Boedo J. ; Bolzonella T. ; Bombarda F. ; Boncagni L. ; Bonotto M. ; Bosman T. O. S. J. ; Brida D. ; Brunetti D. ; Buchli J. ; Buerman J. ; Buratti P. ; Burckhart A. ; Busil D. ; Caloud J. ; Camenen Y. ; Cardinali A. ; Carli S. ; Carnevale D. ; Carpanese F. ; Carpita M. ; Castaldo C. ; Causa F. ; Cavalier J. ; Cavedon M. ; Cazabonne J. A. ; Cerovsky J. ; Chapman B. ; Chernyshova M. ; Chmielewski P. ; Chomiczewska A. ; Ciraolo G. ; Coda S. ; Colandrea C. ; Contre C. ; Coosemans R. ; Cordaro L. ; Costea S. ; Craciunescu T. ; Crombe K. ; Dal Molin A. ; D'Arcangelo O. ; de Las Casas D. ; Decker J. ; Degrave J. ; de Oliveira H. ; Derks G. L. ; di Grazia L. E. ; Donner C. ; Dreval M. ; Dunne M. G. ; Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud G. ; Esposito B. ; Ewalds T. ; Faitsch M. ; Farnik M. ; Fasoli A. ; Felici F. ; Ferreira J. ; Fevrier O. ; Ficker O. ; Frank A. ; Fransson E. ; Frassinetti L. ; Fritz L. ; Furno I. ; Galassi D. ; Galazka K. ; Galdon-Quiroga J. ; Galeani S. ; Galperti C. ; Garavaglia S. ; Garcia-Munoz M. ; Gaudio P. ; Gelfusa M. ; Genoud J. ; Gerru Miguelanez R. ; Ghillardi G. ; Giacomin M. ; Gil L. ; Gillgren A. ; Giroud C. ; Golfinopoulos T. ; Goodman T. ; Gorini G. ; Gorno S. ; Grenfell G. ; Griener M. ; Gruca M. ; Gyergyek T. ; Hafner R. ; Hamed M. ; Hamm D. ; Han W. ; Harrer G. ; Harrison J. R. ; Hassabis D. ; Henderson S. ; Hennequin P. ; Hidalgo-Salaverri J. ; Hogge J. -P. ; Hoppe M. ; Horacek J. ; Huber A. ; Huett E. ; Iantchenko A. ; Innocente P. ; Ionita-Schrittwieser C. ; Ivanova Stanik I. ; Jablczynska M. ; van Vuuren A. J. ; Jardin A. ; Jarleblad H. ; Jarvinen A. E. ; Kalis J. ; Karimov R. ; Karpushov A. N. ; Kavukcuoglu K. ; Kay J. ; Kazakov Y. ; Keeling J. ; Kirjasuo A. ; Koenders J. T. W. ; Kohli P. ; Komm M. ; Kong M. ; Kovacic J. ; Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E. ; Krutkin O. ; Kudlacek O. ; Kumar U. ; Kwiatkowski R. ; Labit B. ; Laguardia L. ; Laszynska E. ; Lazaros A. ; Lee K. ; Lerche E. ; Linehan B. ; Liuzza D. ; Lunt T. ; Macusova E. ; Mancini D. ; Mantica P. ; Maraschek M. ; Marceca G. ; Marchioni S. ; Mariani A. ; Marin M. ; Marinoni A. ; Martellucci L. ; Martin Y. ; Martin P. ; Martinelli L. ; Martinelli F. ; Martin-Solis J. R. ; Masillo S. ; Masocco R. ; Masson V. ; Mathews A. ; Mattei M. ; Mazon D. ; Mazzi S. ; Mazzi S. ; Medvedev S. Y. ; Meineri C. ; Mele A. ; Menkovski V. ; Merle A. ; Meyer H. ; Mikszuta-Michalik K. ; Miron I. G. ; Molina Cabrera P. A. ; Moro A. ; Murari A. ; Muscente P. ; Mykytchuk D. ; Nabais F. ; Napoli F. ; Nem R. D. ; Neunert M. ; Nielsen S. K. ; Nielsen A. ; Nocente M. ; Noury S. ; Nowak S. ; Nystrom H. ; Offeddu N. ; Olasz S. ; Oliva F. ; Oliveira D. S. ; Orsitto F. P. ; Osborne N. ; Dominguez P. O. ; Pan O. ; Panontin E. ; Papadopoulos A. D. ; Papagiannis P. ; Papp G. ; Passoni M. ; Pastore F. ; Pau A. ; Pavlichenko R. O. ; Pedersen A. C. ; Pedrini M. ; Pelka G. ; Peluso E. ; Perek A. ; Von Thun C. P. ; Pesamosca F. ; Pfau D. ; Piergotti V. ; Pigatto L. ; Piron C. ; Piron L. ; Pironti A. ; Plank U. ; Plyusnin V. ; Poels Y. R. J. ; Pokol G. I. ; Poley-Sanjuan J. ; Poradzinski M. ; Porte L. ; Possieri C. ; Poulsen A. ; Pueschel M. J. ; Putterich T. ; Quadri V. ; Rabinski M. ; Ragona R. ; Raj H. ; Redl A. ; Reimerdes H. ; Reux C. ; Riedmiller M. ; Rienacker S. ; Rigamonti D. ; Rispoli N. ; Rivero-Rodriguez J. F. ; Madrid C. F. R. ; Rueda J. R. ; Ryan P. J. ; Salewski M. ; Salmi A. ; Sassano M. ; Sauter O. ; Schoonheere N. ; Schrittwieser R. W. ; Sciortino F. ; Selce A. ; Senni L. ; Sharapov S. ; Sheikh U. A. ; Sieglin B. ; Silva M. ; Silvagni D. ; Schmidt B. S. ; Simons L. ; Solano E. R. ; Sozzi C. ; Spolaore M. ; Spolladore L. ; Stagni A. ; Strand P. ; Sun G. ; Suttrop W. ; Svoboda J. ; Tal B. ; Tala T. ; Tamain P. ; Tardocchi M. ; Biwole A. T. ; Tenaglia A. ; Terranova D. ; Testa D. ; Theiler C. ; Thornton A. ; Thrysoe A. S. ; Tomes M. ; Tonello E. ; Torreblanca H. ; Tracey B. ; Tsimpoukelli M. ; Tsironis C. ; Tsui C. K. ; Ugoletti M. ; Vallar M. ; van Berkel M. ; van Mulders S. ; van Rossem M. ; Venturini C. ; Veranda M. ; Verdier T. ; Verhaegh K. ; Vermare L. ; Vianello N. ; Viezzer E. ; Villone F. ; Vincent B. ; Vincenzi P. ; Voitsekhovitch I. ; Votta L. ; Vu N. M. T. ; Wang Y. ; Wang E. ; Wauters T. ; Weiland M. ; Weisen H. ; Wendler N. ; Wiesen S. ; Wiesenberger M. ; Wijkamp T. ; Wuthrich C. ; Yadykin D. ; Yang H. ; Yanovskiy V. ; Zebrowski J. ; Zestanakis P. ; Zuin M. ; Zurita M. ; Ricci D.

Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, βN ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance (H98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.

EPFL plasma review SPC TCV
2023 Articolo in rivista open access

High Te discrepancies between ECE and Thomson diagnostics in high-performance JET discharges

Fontana M ; Giruzzi G ; Orsitto F ; de la Luna E ; Dumont R ; Figini L ; Kos D ; Maslov M ; Schmuck S ; Senni L ; Sozzi C ; Frigione D ; Garcia J ; Garzotti L ; Hobirk J ; Kappatou A ; Keeling D ; Lerche E ; Rimini F ; Van Eester D ; Maggi C ; Mailloux J

The present paper is dedicated to the study of the discrepancies encountered in electron temperature (Te) measurements carried out with electron cyclotron emission (ECE) and Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics in the core of the JET tokamak. A large database of discharges has been collected, including high-performance scenarios performed with deuterium only and deuterium-tritium mixtures. Discrepancies have been found between core Te measurements taken with an X-mode ECE interferometer (TECE) and a LIDAR TS system (TLID) for Te > 5 keV. Depending on the plasma scenario, TECE has been found to be systematically higher or lower than TLID. Discrepancies have also been observed between the peaks of the ECE spectrum in the second (X2) and third (X3) harmonic domains, even in high optical thickness conditions. These discrepancies can be interpreted as evidence of the presence of non-Maxwellian features in the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). In order to investigate the relation between the shape of the EEDF and the measured discrepancies, a model for bipolar perturbations of Maxwellian EEDF has been developed. The model allows analytical calculations of ECE absorption and emission coefficients; hence, the comparison of modeled ECE spectra with experimental data. The different experimental results observed for the various JET scenarios have been found to be qualitatively reproducible by adapting the model parameters, suggesting that bipolar distortions of the bulk EEDF could play a role in giving rise to the reported discrepancies between ECE and TS measurements.

Deuterium Cyclotrons Distribution functions Electron cyclotron resonance Electron energy levels Magnetoplasma Optical radar
2023 Contributo in Atti di convegno restricted access

Study on Differences of ECE and High-Resolution Thomson Scattering temperature measurements in DT (Deuterium-Tritium) plasmas on JET

Orsitto F. P. ; Fontana M. ; Giruzzi G. ; Senni L. ; Dumont R. ; Figini L. ; Kos D. ; Maslov M. ; Mazzi S. ; Schmuck S. ; Sozzi C. ; Challis C. ; Frigione D. ; Garcia J. ; Garzotti L. ; Hobirk J. ; Kappatou A. ; Keeling D. ; Lerche E. ; Maggi C. ; Mailloux J. ; Rimini F. ; van Eester D.

In Deuterium Plasmas differences were detected in JET between electron temperature measurements (Te) made by Electron Cyclotron Emission - Te_ECE - and Thomson Scattering diagnostics systems (Te_TS) [1]. Similar behaviour was found in TFTR [2]. Plasmas heated by ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Heating) in Deuterium on FTU showed T_ECE < T_TS for 8 KeV ≤ Te ≤ 14 keV [3]. These differences can be due to the non-Maxwellian nature of the Electron velocity Distribution Function (EDF) [5,6]. The radiation temperature (Trad) measured by ECE is equal to the Te only for a Maxwellian plasma: being Trad dependent on the derivative of the EDF with respect to perpendicular velocity [5]. This paper describes differences of Te measured by ECE (ECE_MP, Martin-Puplett interferometer) and High-Resolution Thomson Scattering (HRTS) diagnostic. HRTS gives independent information on these differences, having shorter space resolution (2 cm), and faster repetition rate (20 Hz) on a different line of sight (16 cm from the magnetic centre): HRTS measurements confirm the trends observed using LIDAR TS [4,5]. Comparison between HRTS and ECE radiometer measurements is also reported (see sec.3).

2021 Articolo in rivista open access

Cherenkov probes and runaway electrons diagnostics

Kwiatkowski R. ; Rabinski M. ; Sadowski M. J. ; Zebrowski J. ; Karpinski P. ; Coda S. ; Agostini M. ; Albanese R. ; Alberti S. ; Alessi E. ; Allan S. ; Allcock J. ; Ambrosino R. ; Anand H. ; Andrebe Y. ; Arnichand H. ; Auriemma F. ; Ayllon-Guerola J. M. ; Bagnato F. ; Ball J. ; Baquero-Ruiz M. ; Beletskii A. A. ; Bernert M. ; Bin W. ; Blanchard P. ; Blanken T. C. ; Boedo J. A. ; Bogar O. ; Bolzonella T. ; Bombarda F. ; Bonanomi N. ; Bouquey F. ; Bowman C. ; Brida D. ; Bucalossi J. ; Buermans J. ; Bufferand H. ; Buratti P. ; Calabro G. ; Calacci L. ; Camenen Y. ; Carnevale D. ; Carpanese F. ; Carr M. ; Carraro L. ; Casolari A. ; Causa F. ; Cerovsky J. ; Chellai O. ; Chmielewski P. ; Choi D. ; Christen N. ; Ciraolo G. ; Cordaro L. ; Costea S. ; Cruz N. ; Czarnecka A. ; Molin A. D. ; David P. ; Decker J. ; De Oliveira H. ; Douai D. ; Dreval M. B. ; Dudson B. ; Dunne M. ; Duval B. P. ; Eich T. ; Elmore S. ; Embreus O. ; Esposito B. ; Faitsch M. ; Farnik M. ; Fasoli A. ; Fedorczak N. ; Felici F. ; Feng S. ; Feng X. ; Ferro G. ; Fevrier O. ; Ficker O. ; Fil A. ; Fontana M. ; Frassinetti L. ; Furno I. ; Gahle D. S. ; Galassi D. ; Galazka K. ; Gallo A. ; Galperti C. ; Garavaglia S. ; Garcia J. ; Garcia-Munoz M. ; Garrido A. J. ; Garrido I. ; Gath J. ; Geiger B. ; Giruzzi G. ; Gobbin M. ; Goodman T. P. ; Gorini G. ; Gospodarczyk M. ; Granucci G. ; Graves J. P. ; Gruca M. ; Gyergyek T. ; Hakola A. ; Happel T. ; Harrer G. F. ; Harrison J. ; Havlickova E. ; Hawke J. ; Henderson S. ; Hennequin P. ; Hesslow L. ; Hogeweij D. ; Hogge J. -P. ; Hopf C. ; Hoppe M. ; Horacek J. ; Huang Z. ; Hubbard A. ; Iantchenko A. ; Igochine V. ; Innocente P. ; Schrittwieser C. I. ; Isliker H. ; Jacquier R. ; Jardin A. ; Kappatou A. ; Karpushov A. ; Kazantzidis P. -V. ; Keeling D. ; Kirneva N. ; Komm M. ; Kong M. ; Kovacic J. ; Krawczyk N. ; Kudlacek O. ; Kurki-Suonio T. ; Kwiatkowski R. ; Labit B. ; Lazzaro E. ; Linehan B. ; Lipschultz B. ; Llobet X. ; Lombroni R. ; Loschiavo V. P. ; Lunt T. ; Macusova E. ; Madsen J. ; Maljaars E. ; Mantica P. ; Maraschek M. ; Marchetto C. ; Marco A. ; Mariani A. ; Marini C. ; Martin Y. ; Matos F. ; Maurizio R. ; Mavkov B. ; Mazon D. ; McCarthy P. ; McDermott R. ; Menkovski V. ; Merle A. ; Meyer H. ; Micheletti D. ; Militello F. ; Mitosinkova K. ; Mlynar J. ; Moiseenko V. ; Cabrera P. A. M. ; Morales J. ; Moret J. -M. ; Moro A. ; Mumgaard R. T. ; Naulin V. ; Nem R. D. ; Nespoli F. ; Nielsen A. H. ; Nielsen S. K. ; Nocente M. ; Nowak S. ; Offeddu N. ; Orsitto F. P. ; Paccagnella R. ; Palha A. ; Papp G. ; Pau A. ; Pavlichenko R. O. ; Perek A. ; Pericoli Ridolfini V. ; Pesamosca F. ; Piergotti V. ; Pigatto L. ; Piovesan P. ; Piron C. ; Plyusnin V. ; Poli E. ; Porte L. ; Pucella G. ; Puiatti M. E. ; Putterich T. ; Rasmussen J. J. ; Ravensbergen T. ; Reich M. ; Reimerdes H. ; Reimold F. ; Reux C. ; Ricci D. ; Ricci P. ; Rispoli N. ; Rosato J. ; Saarelma S. ; Salewski M. ; Salmi A. ; Sauter O. ; Scheffer M. ; Schlatter C. ; Schneider B. S. ; Schrittwieser R. ; Sharapov S. ; Sheeba R. R. ; Sheikh U. ; Shousha R. ; Silva M. ; Sinha J. ; Sozzi C. ; Spolaore M. ; Stipani L. ; Strand P. ; Tala T. ; Biwole A. S. T. ; Teplukhina A. A. ; Testa D. ; Theiler C. ; Thornton A. ; Tomaz G. ; Tomes M. ; Tran M. Q. ; Tsironis C. ; Tsui C. K. ; Urban J. ; Valisa M. ; Vallar M. ; Van Vugt D. ; Vartanian S. ; Vasilovici O. ; Verhaegh K. ; Vermare L. ; Vianello N. ; Viezzer E. ; Vijvers W. A. J. ; Villone F. ; Voitsekhovitch I. ; Vu N. M. T. ; Walkden N. ; Wauters T. ; Weiland M. ; Weisen H. ; Wensing M. ; Wiesenberger M. ; Wilkie G. ; Wischmeier M. ; Wu K. ; Yoshida M. ; Zagorski R. ; Zanca P. ; Zisis A. ; Zuin M.

The beams of fast runaway electrons (RE), which are often produced during tokamak discharges, are particularly dangerous and can induce serious damages of the vacuum vessel and internal components of the machine. The proper and fast diagnostics of RE beams is essential for controlling the discharge, e.g., by early mitigation of disruptions and potentially dangerous RE beams. The diagnostics of RE beams is usually based on measurements of the radiation emitted either by these electrons, or as a result of their interactions with plasma and/or vessel walls. Such a radiation is usually recorded by the means of probes placed outside the vacuum vessel. The method developed by our team is based on the probe located inside the vacuum vessel. The probe can be used to detect highly localized RE bunches and to determine their spatial and temporal characteristics. During last few years, the NCBJ team have developed and used the RE diagnostics based on the Cherenkov effect observed in diamond radiators coupled with fast photomultipliers. During the investigated discharges, the probe was inserted into the vacuum vessel, and its head was placed at the plasma edge, where fast RE are expected. A correlation between signals recorded using our probes and other diagnostics, e.g., hard x-ray signals, was also studied. In this paper, we present recent results of the RE measurements by means of Cherenkov probes, which were performed in the COMPASS and TCV tokamaks.

runaways tokamak cherenkov