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2024 Articolo in rivista open access

THz Data Analysis and Self-Organizing Map (SOM) for the Quality Assessment of Hazelnuts

Greco M. ; Giarnetti S. ; Giovenale E. ; Taschin A. ; Leccese F. ; Doria A. ; Senni L.

In recent years, the use of techniques based on electromagnetic radiation as an investigative tool in the agri-food industry has grown considerably, and between them, the application of imaging and THz spectroscopy has gained significance in the field of food quality control. This study presents the development of an experimental setup operating in transmission mode within the frequency range of 18 to 40 GHz, which was specifically designed for assessing various quality parameters of hazelnuts. The THz measurements were conducted to distinguish between healthy and rotten hazelnut samples. Two different data analysis techniques were employed and compared: a traditional approach based on data matrix manipulation and curve fitting for parameter extrapolation, and the utilization of a Self-Organizing Map (SOM), for which we use a neural network commonly known as the Kohonen neural network, which is recognized for its efficacy in analyzing THz measurement data. The classification of hazelnuts based on their quality was performed using these techniques. The results obtained from the comparative analysis of coding efforts, analysis times, and outcomes shed light on the potential applications of each method. The findings demonstrate that THz spectroscopy is an effective technique for quality assessment in hazelnuts, and this research serves to clarify the suitability of each analysis technique.

agri-food industry hazelnut Kohonen’s algorithm millimeter waves quality assessment self-organizing map (SOM) terahertz
CNR IRIS
2024 Articolo in rivista restricted access

A thorough experimental assessment of THz-TDS plasma diagnostic techniques for nuclear fusion applications

Teka G. G. ; Peng K. ; Alonzo M. ; Bombarda F. ; Koch-Dandolo C. L. ; Senni L. ; Taschin A. ; Zerbini M.

In this paper, the study of a plasma diagnostic system based on the THz time domain spectroscopy technique is presented. Such a system could potentially probe a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum currently covered by several other diagnostics in a single measurement. This feature, keeping in mind the basic requirements for plasma diagnostics in nuclear fusion experiments, such as robustness and hard environment applicability, as well as durability and low maintenance, makes the diagnostic of great interest. A conceptual design of the THz-TDS diagnostic has been developed, starting from the well-established classical microwave and far infrared plasma diagnostics landscape. The physical constraints and required instrumental characteristics have been studied and are described in detail here, together with the solutions available for each type of plasma measurement. Specific experimental laboratory tests of the different experimental configurations have been carried out, evaluating the capacity and potential of the novel diagnostic, together with the instrumental constraint, within the diagnostic parameter space.

THz, TDS, Plasma, Diagnostic, Fusion
CNR IRIS
2024 Articolo in rivista metadata only access

Conceptual design of visible spectroscopy diagnostics for DTT

Belpane A. ; Carraro L. ; Fassina A. ; Cavedon M. ; Senni L.

The project of the Visible Spectroscopy diagnostics for the Zeff radial profile measurement and for the divertor visible imaging spectroscopy, designed for the new tokamak DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test), is presented. To deal with the geometrical constraints of DTT and to minimize the diagnostics volume inside the access port, an integrated and compact solution hosting the two systems has been proposed. The Zeff radial profile will be evaluated from the Bremsstrahlung radiation measurement in the visible spectral range, acquiring light along ten Lines of Sight (LoS) in the upper part of the poloidal plane. The plasma emission will be focused on optical fibers, which will carry it to the spectroscopy laboratory. A second equipment, with a single toroidal LoS crossing the plasma centre and laying on the equatorial plane, will measure the average Zeff on a longer path, minimizing the incidental continuum spectrum contaminations by lines/bands emitted from the plasma edge. The divertor imaging system is designed to measure impurity and main gas influxes, to monitor the plasma position and kinetics of impurities, and to follow the plasma detachment evolution. The project aims at obtaining the maximum coverage of the divertor region. The collected light can be shared among different spectrometers and interferential filter devices placed outside the torus hall to easily change their setup. The system is composed of two telescopes, an upper and a lower one, allowing both a perpendicular and a tangential view of the DTT divertor region. This diagnostic offers a unique and compact solution designed to cope the demanding constraints of this next-generation tokamak fusion devices, integrating essential tools for wide-ranging impurity characterization and versatile investigation of divertor physics.

diagnostics DTT effective charge visible spectroscopy
CNR IRIS
2024 Articolo in rivista open access

Gamma Irradiation Effect on Polymeric Chains of Epoxy Adhesive

Ferrante C. ; Lucchesi L. ; Cemmi A. ; Di Sarcina I. ; Scifo J. ; Verna A. ; Taschin A. ; Senni L. ; Beghini M. ; Monelli B. D. ; Raffaelli F.

The study of materials for space exploration is one of the most interesting targets of international space agencies. An essential tool for realizing light junctions is epoxy adhesive (EA), which provides an elastic and robust material with a complex mesh of polymeric chains and crosslinks. In this work, a study of the structural and chemical modification of a commercial two-part flexible EA (3MTM Scotch-WeldTM EC-2216 B/A Gray), induced by 60Co gamma radiation, is presented. Combining different spectroscopic techniques, such as the spectroscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS), and the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), a characterization of the EA response in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum is performed, providing valuable information about the structural and chemical properties of the polymers before and after irradiation. A simultaneous dissociation of polymeric chain and crosslinking formation is observed.The polymer is not subject to structural modification at an absorbed dose of 10 kGy, in which only transient free radicals are observed. Differently, between 100 and 500 kGy, a gradual chemical degradation of the samples is observed together with a broad and long-living EPR signal appearance. This study also provides a microscopic characterization of the material useful for the mechanism evaluation of system degradation.

epoxy adhesive polymeric chains γray
CNR IRIS
2024 Articolo in rivista open access

Divertor Tokamak Test facility project: status of design and implementation

Romanelli F. ; Abate D. ; Acampora E. ; Agguiaro D. ; Agnello R. ; Agostinetti P. ; Agostini M. ; Aimetta A. ; Albanese R. ; Alberti G. ; Albino M. ; Alessi E. ; Almaviva S. ; Alonzo M. ; Ambrosino R. ; Andreoli P. ; Angelone M. ; Angelucci M. ; Angioni C. ; Angrisani Armenio A. ; Antonini P. ; Aprile D. ; Apruzzese G. ; Aquilini M. ; Aragone G. ; Arena P. ; Ariola M. ; Artaserse G. ; Aucone L. ; Augieri A. ; Auriemma F. ; Ayllon Guerola J. ; Badodi N. ; Baiocchi B. ; Balbinot L. ; Baldacchini C. ; Balestri A. ; Barberis T. ; Barone G. ; Barucca L. ; Baruzzo M. ; Begozzi S. ; Belardi V. ; Belli F. ; Belpane A. ; Beone F. ; Bertolami S. ; Bianucci S. ; Bifaretti S. ; Bigioni S. ; Bin W. ; Boccali P. ; Boeswirth B. ; Bogazzi E. ; Bojoi R. ; Bollanti S. ; Bolzonella T. ; Bombarda F. ; Bonan M. ; Bonanomi N. ; Bonaventura A. ; Boncagni L. ; Bonesso M. ; Bonfiglio D. ; Bonifetto R. ; Bonomi D. ; Borgogno D. ; Borzone T. ; Botti S. ; Boz E. ; Braghin F. ; Brena M. ; Brezinsek S. ; Brombin M. ; Bruschi A. ; Buonocore S. ; Buratti P. ; Buratti P. ; Busi D. ; Calabro G. ; Caldora M. ; Calvo G. ; Camera G. ; Campana G. ; Candela S. ; Candela V. ; Cani F. ; Cantone L. ; Capaldo F. ; Cappello S. ; Caponero M. ; Carchella S. ; Cardinali A. ; Carnevale D. ; Carraro L. ; Carrelli C. ; Casalegno V. ; Casiraghi I. ; Castaldo C. ; Castaldo A. ; Castro G. ; Carpignano A. ; Causa F. ; Cavazzana R. ; Cavedon M. ; Cavenago M. ; Cecchini M. ; Ceccuzzi S. ; Celentano G. ; Celona L. ; Centioli C. ; Centomani G. V. ; Cesaroni S. ; Chiariello A. G. ; Chomicz R. ; Cianfarani C. ; Cichocki F. ; Cinque M. ; Cioffi A. ; Ciotti M. ; Cipriani M. ; Ciufo S. ; Claps V. ; Claps G. ; Coccorese V. ; Coccorese D. ; Colangeli A. ; Coltella T. ; Consoli F. ; Cordella F. ; Corradini D. ; Costa O. ; Crea F. ; Cremona A. ; Crescenzi F. ; Crisanti F. ; Cristofari G. ; Croci G. ; Cucchiaro A. ; D'Ambrosio D. ; Dal Molin M. ; Dalla Palma M. ; Dane F. ; Day C. ; De Angeli M. ; De Leo V. ; De Luca R. ; De Marchi E. ; De Marzi G. ; De Masi G. ; De Nardi E. ; De Piccoli C. ; De Sano G. ; De Santis M. ; De Tommasi G. ; Del Nevo A. ; Delfino A. ; Della Corte A. ; Deodati P. ; Desiderati S. ; Di Ferdinando E. ; Di Florio M. G. ; Di Gironimo G. ; Di Grazia L. E. ; Di Marzo V. ; Di Paolo F. ; Di Pietro E. ; Di Pietrantonio M. ; Di Prinzio M. ; Di Silvestre A. ; Di Zenobio A. ; Dima R. ; Domenichelli A. ; Doria A. ; Dose G. ; Dubbioso S. ; Dulla S. ; Duran I. ; Eboli M. ; Elitropi M. ; Emanuelli E. ; Esposito B. ; Ettorre P. ; Fabbri C. ; Fabbri F. ; Fadone M. ; Faggiano M. M. ; Falcioni F. ; Falessi M. V. ; Fanale F. ; Fanelli P. ; Fassina A. ; Fassina A. ; Favaretto M. ; Favero G. ; Ferraris M. ; Ferrazza F. ; Ferretti C. ; Ferro A. ; Ferron N. ; Fiamozzi Zignani C. ; Figini L. ; Filippi F. ; Filippini M. ; Fimiani A. ; Fincato M. ; Fiorenza F. ; Fiorucci D. ; Flammini D. ; Flora F. ; Fonnesu N. ; Franz P. ; Frassinetti L. ; Frattolillo A. ; Freda R. ; Fresa R. ; Frescura A. ; Frosi P. ; Fulici M. ; Furno Palumbo M. ; Fusco V. ; Fusco P. ; Gabellier L. ; Gaetani P. ; Gaio E. ; Gajetti E. ; Gaetani P. ; Galata A. ; Galdon Quiroga J. ; Galindo Huertas D. L. ; Gammino S. ; Gandolfo G. ; Garavaglia S. ; Garcia Lopez J. ; Garcia Munoz M. ; Gaudio P. ; Gelfusa M. ; Gervasini G. ; Giannini L. ; Giarrusso M. ; Gil C. ; Giorgetti F. ; Giovannozzi E. ; Giruzzi G. ; Giudicotti L. ; Gobbin M. ; Gorini G. ; Granucci G. ; Grasso D. ; Grasso T. ; Grazioso S. ; Greuner H. ; Griva G. ; Grosso G. ; Guerini S. ; Gunn J. P. ; Hauer V. ; Hidalgo Salaverri J. ; Hoppe M. ; Houry M. ; Hoelzl M. ; Iaboni A. ; Iafrati M. ; Iaiunese A. ; Imbriani V. ; Indrigo D. ; Innocente P. ; Koechl F. ; Koncar B. ; Kryzhanovskyy A. ; Laguardia L. ; Lampasi D. A. ; Lanchi C. ; Lanzotti F. ; Lanzotti A. ; Laquaniti M. ; Leone F. ; Li J. ; Libe M. ; Lisanti F. ; Liuzza D. ; Locati F. ; Lombroni R. ; Lorenzini R. ; Lorusso P. ; Lotto L. ; Loureiro J. ; Lucca F. ; Luda Di Cortemiglia T. ; Maccari P. ; Maddaluno G. ; Magagnino S. ; Manca G. ; Mancini A. ; Mandala P. ; Mandolesi B. ; Mandrile F. ; Manduchi G. ; Manfrin S. ; Manganelli M. ; Mantica P. ; Marchiori G. ; Marconato N. ; Marelli G. ; Mariani A. ; Marin A. ; Marinari R. ; Marinelli M. ; Marino F. ; Marino P. ; Marocco D. ; Marsilio R. ; Martelli E. ; Martin P. ; Martinelli F. ; Martini G. ; Martone R. ; Marucci A. ; Marzullo D. ; Masala V. ; Mascali D. ; Mascari F. ; Masi A. ; Massanova N. ; Mastrostefano S. ; Mattei M. ; Mauro G. ; Mauro S. ; Meineri C. ; Melaragni L. ; Mele A. ; Meller P. ; Meloni S. ; Menicucci I. ; Messina G. ; Mezi L. ; Micciche G. ; Micheletti M. ; Migliori S. ; Milanesio D. ; Milazzo F. ; Milazzo R. ; Minelli P. ; Minucci S. ; Mirizzi F. ; Missirlian M. ; Monarca D. ; Monti C. ; Mori M. ; Moriani A. ; Morici L. ; Moro A. ; Moro A. ; Moro F. ; Mosetti P. ; Mozzillo R. ; Murari A. ; Muraro A. ; Murra D. ; Muscente P. ; Musumeci S. ; Muzzi L. ; Nallo G. F. ; Napoli F. ; Nardon E. ; Naselli E. ; Neu R. ; Nocente M. ; Notazio M. ; Nowak S. ; Ocello E. ; Oliva A. ; Orsetti V. ; Orsini A. ; Orsitto F. P. ; Ortino M. ; Ottavi M. ; Paccagnella G. ; Pacella D. ; Pagani I. ; Paganucci N. ; Pagliaro A. ; Palazzolo V. ; Palermo M. ; Palomba S. ; Panza F. ; Paoletti D. ; Parisi M. ; Pasqualotto R. ; Passarello S. ; Passoni M. ; Patton T. ; Pelliccia L. ; Peloso A. ; Pepato A. ; Perelli E. ; Perencin A. ; Peruzzo S. ; Pesenti A. ; Pedroni N. ; Petrolini P. ; Piergotti V. ; Pidatella A. ; Pigatto L. ; Pillon M. ; Pinna T. ; Pipolo S. ; Piras S. ; Piron C. ; Piron L. ; Pironti A. ; Pistilli M. ; Placido D. ; Pizzuto A. ; Platania P. ; Polimadei A. ; Pollastrone F. ; Polli G. M. ; Pomaro N. ; Pompili F. ; Ponti C. ; Porcelli F. ; Prandelli V. ; Previti A. ; Princiotta A. ; Pucino G. ; Quaglia F. ; Quercia A. ; Raffaelli F. ; Ramogida G. ; Ranieri G. ; Raspante B. ; Ravarotto D. ; Ravera G. L. ; Reale A. ; Rebesan P. ; Recchia M. ; Regine D. ; Renno F. ; Riccardi B. ; Ricci D. ; Rigamonti D. ; Ripani M. ; Rispoli N. ; Roccella S. ; Rocchi G. ; Roche H. ; Romanato M. ; Romanelli F. ; Romanelli F. ; Romanelli G. ; Romaniello R. ; Romano A. ; Romano M. ; Romano R. ; Rossi R. ; Rubinacci G. ; Rubino G. ; Rubino G. ; Rubino S. ; Rueda Rueda J. ; Rufoloni A. ; Salvia C. ; Salvini P. ; Scarpari M. ; Salvitti A. ; Salvo L. ; Sandri S. ; Santoro F. ; Satriano A. ; Savoldi L. ; Scardino C. ; Schettini G. ; Schmuck S. ; Scionti J. ; Sciscio M. ; Scungio M. ; Sedlak K. ; Senni L. ; Sias G. ; Sibio A. ; Simonetto A. ; Singh L. ; Sirignano A. ; Sozzi C. ; Spada I. ; Spagnolo S. ; Spinicci L. ; Spizzo G. ; Spolaore M. ; Stefanini C. ; Strobel H. ; Subba F. ; Taccogna F. ; Taheri B. ; Tantos C. ; Tarallo A. ; Tarantino M. ; Tardini G. ; Tardocchi M. ; Tarfila P. ; Tenaglia A. ; Terlizzi C. ; Terranova D. ; Testa D. ; Testa E. ; Testoni R. ; Toigo V. ; Torrisi G. ; Trotta A. ; Trovato G. ; Tsitrone E. ; Tuccillo A. ; Tudisco O. ; Turcato M. ; Turtu S. ; Uccello A. ; Ugoletti M. ; Uras O. ; Uras M. ; Utili M. ; Vaccaro V. ; Valentini F. ; Valletti L. ; Valisa M. ; Van Eester D. ; Vanzan D. ; Vassallo E. ; Vecchi G. ; Vellucci M. ; Venneri I. ; Ventura G. ; Veranda M. ; Verdini L. ; Verona C. ; Verona Rinati G. ; Veronese F. ; Vianello N. ; Vigano F. ; Villano O. ; Villari R. ; Villone F. ; Vincenzi P. ; Vitale V. ; Vivio F. ; Vlad G. ; Wischmeier M. ; Wu H. S. ; Wyss I. ; Zanino R. ; Zaniol B. ; Zanon F. ; Zappatore A. ; Zavarise G. ; Zito P. ; Zoppoli A. ; Zucchetti M. ; Zuin M. ; Zumbolo P.

An overview is presented of the progress since 2021 in the construction and scientific programme preparation of the Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility. Licensing for building construction has been granted at the end of 2021. Licensing for Cat. A radiologic source has been also granted in 2022. The construction of the toroidal field magnet system is progressing. The prototype of the 170 GHz gyrotron has been produced and it is now under test on the FALCON facility. The design of the vacuum vessel, the poloidal field coils and the civil infrastructures has been completed. The shape of the first DTT divertor has been agreed with EUROfusion to test different plasma and exhaust scenarios: single null, double null, X-divertor and negative triangularity plasmas. A detailed research plan is being elaborated with the involvement of the EUROfusion laboratories.

divertor, exhaust, plasma scenarios
CNR IRIS
2024 Articolo in rivista open access

Experimental research on the TCV tokamak

Duval B. P. ; Abdolmaleki A. ; Agostini M. ; Ajay C. J. ; Alberti S. ; Alessi E. ; Anastasiou G. ; Andrebe Y. ; Apruzzese G. M. ; Auriemma F. ; Ayllon-Guerola J. ; Bagnato F. ; Baillod A. ; Bairaktaris F. ; Balbinot L. ; Balestri A. ; Baquero-Ruiz M. ; Barcellona C. ; Bernert M. ; Bin W. ; Blanchard P. ; Boedo J. ; Bolzonella T. ; Bombarda F. ; Boncagni L. ; Bonotto M. ; Bosman T. O. S. J. ; Brida D. ; Brunetti D. ; Buchli J. ; Buerman J. ; Buratti P. ; Burckhart A. ; Busil D. ; Caloud J. ; Camenen Y. ; Cardinali A. ; Carli S. ; Carnevale D. ; Carpanese F. ; Carpita M. ; Castaldo C. ; Causa F. ; Cavalier J. ; Cavedon M. ; Cazabonne J. A. ; Cerovsky J. ; Chapman B. ; Chernyshova M. ; Chmielewski P. ; Chomiczewska A. ; Ciraolo G. ; Coda S. ; Colandrea C. ; Contre C. ; Coosemans R. ; Cordaro L. ; Costea S. ; Craciunescu T. ; Crombe K. ; Dal Molin A. ; D'Arcangelo O. ; de Las Casas D. ; Decker J. ; Degrave J. ; de Oliveira H. ; Derks G. L. ; di Grazia L. E. ; Donner C. ; Dreval M. ; Dunne M. G. ; Durr-Legoupil-Nicoud G. ; Esposito B. ; Ewalds T. ; Faitsch M. ; Farnik M. ; Fasoli A. ; Felici F. ; Ferreira J. ; Fevrier O. ; Ficker O. ; Frank A. ; Fransson E. ; Frassinetti L. ; Fritz L. ; Furno I. ; Galassi D. ; Galazka K. ; Galdon-Quiroga J. ; Galeani S. ; Galperti C. ; Garavaglia S. ; Garcia-Munoz M. ; Gaudio P. ; Gelfusa M. ; Genoud J. ; Gerru Miguelanez R. ; Ghillardi G. ; Giacomin M. ; Gil L. ; Gillgren A. ; Giroud C. ; Golfinopoulos T. ; Goodman T. ; Gorini G. ; Gorno S. ; Grenfell G. ; Griener M. ; Gruca M. ; Gyergyek T. ; Hafner R. ; Hamed M. ; Hamm D. ; Han W. ; Harrer G. ; Harrison J. R. ; Hassabis D. ; Henderson S. ; Hennequin P. ; Hidalgo-Salaverri J. ; Hogge J. -P. ; Hoppe M. ; Horacek J. ; Huber A. ; Huett E. ; Iantchenko A. ; Innocente P. ; Ionita-Schrittwieser C. ; Ivanova Stanik I. ; Jablczynska M. ; van Vuuren A. J. ; Jardin A. ; Jarleblad H. ; Jarvinen A. E. ; Kalis J. ; Karimov R. ; Karpushov A. N. ; Kavukcuoglu K. ; Kay J. ; Kazakov Y. ; Keeling J. ; Kirjasuo A. ; Koenders J. T. W. ; Kohli P. ; Komm M. ; Kong M. ; Kovacic J. ; Kowalska-Strzeciwilk E. ; Krutkin O. ; Kudlacek O. ; Kumar U. ; Kwiatkowski R. ; Labit B. ; Laguardia L. ; Laszynska E. ; Lazaros A. ; Lee K. ; Lerche E. ; Linehan B. ; Liuzza D. ; Lunt T. ; Macusova E. ; Mancini D. ; Mantica P. ; Maraschek M. ; Marceca G. ; Marchioni S. ; Mariani A. ; Marin M. ; Marinoni A. ; Martellucci L. ; Martin Y. ; Martin P. ; Martinelli L. ; Martinelli F. ; Martin-Solis J. R. ; Masillo S. ; Masocco R. ; Masson V. ; Mathews A. ; Mattei M. ; Mazon D. ; Mazzi S. ; Mazzi S. ; Medvedev S. Y. ; Meineri C. ; Mele A. ; Menkovski V. ; Merle A. ; Meyer H. ; Mikszuta-Michalik K. ; Miron I. G. ; Molina Cabrera P. A. ; Moro A. ; Murari A. ; Muscente P. ; Mykytchuk D. ; Nabais F. ; Napoli F. ; Nem R. D. ; Neunert M. ; Nielsen S. K. ; Nielsen A. ; Nocente M. ; Noury S. ; Nowak S. ; Nystrom H. ; Offeddu N. ; Olasz S. ; Oliva F. ; Oliveira D. S. ; Orsitto F. P. ; Osborne N. ; Dominguez P. O. ; Pan O. ; Panontin E. ; Papadopoulos A. D. ; Papagiannis P. ; Papp G. ; Passoni M. ; Pastore F. ; Pau A. ; Pavlichenko R. O. ; Pedersen A. C. ; Pedrini M. ; Pelka G. ; Peluso E. ; Perek A. ; Von Thun C. P. ; Pesamosca F. ; Pfau D. ; Piergotti V. ; Pigatto L. ; Piron C. ; Piron L. ; Pironti A. ; Plank U. ; Plyusnin V. ; Poels Y. R. J. ; Pokol G. I. ; Poley-Sanjuan J. ; Poradzinski M. ; Porte L. ; Possieri C. ; Poulsen A. ; Pueschel M. J. ; Putterich T. ; Quadri V. ; Rabinski M. ; Ragona R. ; Raj H. ; Redl A. ; Reimerdes H. ; Reux C. ; Riedmiller M. ; Rienacker S. ; Rigamonti D. ; Rispoli N. ; Rivero-Rodriguez J. F. ; Madrid C. F. R. ; Rueda J. R. ; Ryan P. J. ; Salewski M. ; Salmi A. ; Sassano M. ; Sauter O. ; Schoonheere N. ; Schrittwieser R. W. ; Sciortino F. ; Selce A. ; Senni L. ; Sharapov S. ; Sheikh U. A. ; Sieglin B. ; Silva M. ; Silvagni D. ; Schmidt B. S. ; Simons L. ; Solano E. R. ; Sozzi C. ; Spolaore M. ; Spolladore L. ; Stagni A. ; Strand P. ; Sun G. ; Suttrop W. ; Svoboda J. ; Tal B. ; Tala T. ; Tamain P. ; Tardocchi M. ; Biwole A. T. ; Tenaglia A. ; Terranova D. ; Testa D. ; Theiler C. ; Thornton A. ; Thrysoe A. S. ; Tomes M. ; Tonello E. ; Torreblanca H. ; Tracey B. ; Tsimpoukelli M. ; Tsironis C. ; Tsui C. K. ; Ugoletti M. ; Vallar M. ; van Berkel M. ; van Mulders S. ; van Rossem M. ; Venturini C. ; Veranda M. ; Verdier T. ; Verhaegh K. ; Vermare L. ; Vianello N. ; Viezzer E. ; Villone F. ; Vincent B. ; Vincenzi P. ; Voitsekhovitch I. ; Votta L. ; Vu N. M. T. ; Wang Y. ; Wang E. ; Wauters T. ; Weiland M. ; Weisen H. ; Wendler N. ; Wiesen S. ; Wiesenberger M. ; Wijkamp T. ; Wuthrich C. ; Yadykin D. ; Yang H. ; Yanovskiy V. ; Zebrowski J. ; Zestanakis P. ; Zuin M. ; Zurita M. ; Ricci D.

Tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), recently celebrating 30 years of near-continual operation, continues in its missions to advance outstanding key physics and operational scenario issues for ITER and the design of future power plants such as DEMO. The main machine heating systems and operational changes are first described. Then follow five sections: plasma scenarios. ITER Base-Line (IBL) discharges, triangularity studies together with X3 heating and N2 seeding. Edge localised mode suppression, with a high radiation region near the X-point is reported with N2 injection with and without divertor baffles in a snowflake configuration. Negative triangularity (NT) discharges attained record, albeit transient, βN ∼ 3 with lower turbulence, higher low-Z impurity transport, vertical stability and density limits and core transport better than the IBL. Positive triangularity L-Mode linear and saturated ohmic confinement confinement saturation, often-correlated with intrinsic toroidal rotation reversals, was probed for D, H and He working gases. H-mode confinement and pedestal studies were extended to low collisionality with electron cyclotron heating obtaining steady state electron iternal transport barrier with neutral beam heating (NBH), and NBH driven H-mode configurations with off-axis co-electron cyclotron current drive. Fast particle physics. The physics of disruptions, runaway electrons and fast ions (FIs) was developed using near-full current conversion at disruption with recombination thresholds characterised for impurity species (Ne, Ar, Kr). Different flushing gases (D2, H2) and pathways to trigger a benign disruption were explored. The 55 kV NBH II generated a rich Alfvénic spectrum modulating the FI fas ion loss detector signal. NT configurations showed less toroidal Alfvén excitation activity preferentially affecting higher FI pitch angles. Scrape-off layer and edge physics. gas puff imaging systems characterised turbulent plasma ejection for several advanced divertor configurations, including NT. Combined diagnostic array divertor state analysis in detachment conditions was compared to modelling revealing an importance for molecular processes. Divertor physics. Internal gas baffles diversified to include shorter/longer structures on the high and/or low field side to probe compressive efficiency. Divertor studies concentrated upon mitigating target power, facilitating detachment and increasing the radiated power fraction employing alternative divertor geometries, optimised X-point radiator regimes and long-legged configurations. Smaller-than-expected improvements with total flux expansion were better modelled when including parallel flows. Peak outer target heat flux reduction was achieved (>50%) for high flux-expansion geometries, maintaining core performance (H98 > 1). A reduction in target heat loads and facilitated detachment access at lower core densities is reported. Real-time control. TCV’s real-time control upgrades employed MIMO gas injector control of stable, robust, partial detachment and plasma β feedback control avoiding neoclassical tearing modes with plasma confinement changes. Machine-learning enhancements include trajectory tracking disruption proximity and avoidance as well as a first-of-its-kind reinforcement learning-based controller for the plasma equilibrium trained entirely on a free-boundary simulator. Finally, a short description of TCV’s immediate future plans will be given.

EPFL plasma review SPC TCV
CNR IRIS
2024 Articolo in rivista restricted access

Conceptual design of visible spectroscopy diagnostics for DTT

Belpane, A. ; Carraro, L. ; Fassina, A. ; Cavedon, M. ; Senni, L.

The project of the Visible Spectroscopy diagnostics for the Zeff radial profile measurement and for the divertor visible imaging spectroscopy, designed for the new tokamak DTT (Divertor Tokamak Test), is presented. To deal with the geometrical constraints of DTT and to minimize the diagnostics volume inside the access port, an integrated and compact solution hosting the two systems has been proposed. The Zeff radial profile will be evaluated from the Bremsstrahlung radiation measurement in the visible spectral range, acquiring light along ten Lines of Sight (LoS) in the upper part of the poloidal plane. The plasma emission will be focused on optical fibers, which will carry it to the spectroscopy laboratory. A second equipment, with a single toroidal LoS crossing the plasma centre and laying on the equatorial plane, will measure the average Zeff on a longer path, minimizing the incidental continuum spectrum contaminations by lines/bands emitted from the plasma edge. The divertor imaging system is designed to measure impurity and main gas influxes, to monitor the plasma position and kinetics of impurities, and to follow the plasma detachment evolution. The project aims at obtaining the maximum coverage of the divertor region. The collected light can be shared among different spectrometers and interferential filter devices placed outside the torus hall to easily change their setup. The system is composed of two telescopes, an upper and a lower one, allowing both a perpendicular and a tangential view of the DTT divertor region. This diagnostic offers a unique and compact solution designed to cope the demanding constraints of this next-generation tokamak fusion devices, integrating essential tools for wide-ranging impurity characterization and versatile investigation of divertor physics.

diagnostics DTT effective charge visible spectroscopy
CNR IRIS
2023 Articolo in rivista open access

High Te discrepancies between ECE and Thomson diagnostics in high-performance JET discharges

Fontana M ; Giruzzi G ; Orsitto F ; de la Luna E ; Dumont R ; Figini L ; Kos D ; Maslov M ; Schmuck S ; Senni L ; Sozzi C ; Frigione D ; Garcia J ; Garzotti L ; Hobirk J ; Kappatou A ; Keeling D ; Lerche E ; Rimini F ; Van Eester D ; Maggi C ; Mailloux J

The present paper is dedicated to the study of the discrepancies encountered in electron temperature (Te) measurements carried out with electron cyclotron emission (ECE) and Thomson scattering (TS) diagnostics in the core of the JET tokamak. A large database of discharges has been collected, including high-performance scenarios performed with deuterium only and deuterium-tritium mixtures. Discrepancies have been found between core Te measurements taken with an X-mode ECE interferometer (TECE) and a LIDAR TS system (TLID) for Te > 5 keV. Depending on the plasma scenario, TECE has been found to be systematically higher or lower than TLID. Discrepancies have also been observed between the peaks of the ECE spectrum in the second (X2) and third (X3) harmonic domains, even in high optical thickness conditions. These discrepancies can be interpreted as evidence of the presence of non-Maxwellian features in the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). In order to investigate the relation between the shape of the EEDF and the measured discrepancies, a model for bipolar perturbations of Maxwellian EEDF has been developed. The model allows analytical calculations of ECE absorption and emission coefficients; hence, the comparison of modeled ECE spectra with experimental data. The different experimental results observed for the various JET scenarios have been found to be qualitatively reproducible by adapting the model parameters, suggesting that bipolar distortions of the bulk EEDF could play a role in giving rise to the reported discrepancies between ECE and TS measurements.

Deuterium Cyclotrons Distribution functions Electron cyclotron resonance Electron energy levels Magnetoplasma Optical radar
CNR IRIS
2023 Contributo in Atti di convegno restricted access

Selecting hazelnuts by coupling a self-organizing map (SOM) and an experimental system operating in transmission configuration

Greco M. ; Giarnetti S. ; Giovenale E. ; Senni L. ; Leccese F. ; Doria A. ; Taschin A.

An experimental setup operating in transmission mode in the frequency range between 18 and 40 GHz is described. This study shows how the system is able to distinguish healthy and rotten hazelnuts. In addition, a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) trained with the Kohonen algorithm was used to classify the hazelnuts according to their quality.

THz Food Sorting Self-Organizing Map
CNR IRIS
2023 Contributo in Atti di convegno restricted access

Electro-Optical determination of the Spectral Characteristics of components for THz-based Plasma Diagnostic

Taschin A. ; Senni L. ; Galatola-Teka G. ; Alonzo M. ; Doria A. ; Giovenale E. ; Zerbini M.

Since long time THz-TDS techniques have been seen as a good option for the measurements of plasma parameters [1]. This becomes a particularly interesting option for nuclear fusion experiments where Far Infrared and microwave diagnostics, in the frequency range 0.1-4000 THz, are one of the most important measurement tool [2] [3]. The application of THz-TDS techniques can potentially provide important plasma parameters, such as density, temperature and fluctuations, by using a multi-functional device with relatively small access requirements [4].

THz Time domain spectroscopy Plasma Diagnostics
CNR IRIS
2023 Contributo in Atti di convegno restricted access

A THz Scanner to Detect Moisture on Wood Samples

Greco M. ; Giovenale E. ; Leccese F. ; Doria A. ; Taschin A. ; Senni L.

Wood is a hygroscopic material that is subject to phenomena of water exchange with the external environment. These exchanges can cause dimensional variations and cracks to appear on a macroscopic level. In recent years, the use of terahertz technologies in the field of diagnostics applied to cultural heritage has increased considerably. One of the most important characteristics of terahertz radiation is its sensitivity to water content; this polar liquid strongly absorbs and reflects this radiation. The subject of this study will be the detection of moisture in pine wood samples using a 97 GHz terahertz imaging system.

THz Cultural Heritage Wood Moisture
CNR IRIS
2023 Contributo in Atti di convegno restricted access

Study on Differences of ECE and High-Resolution Thomson Scattering temperature measurements in DT (Deuterium-Tritium) plasmas on JET

Orsitto F. P. ; Fontana M. ; Giruzzi G. ; Senni L. ; Dumont R. ; Figini L. ; Kos D. ; Maslov M. ; Mazzi S. ; Schmuck S. ; Sozzi C. ; Challis C. ; Frigione D. ; Garcia J. ; Garzotti L. ; Hobirk J. ; Kappatou A. ; Keeling D. ; Lerche E. ; Maggi C. ; Mailloux J. ; Rimini F. ; van Eester D.

In Deuterium Plasmas differences were detected in JET between electron temperature measurements (Te) made by Electron Cyclotron Emission - Te_ECE - and Thomson Scattering diagnostics systems (Te_TS) [1]. Similar behaviour was found in TFTR [2]. Plasmas heated by ECRH (Electron Cyclotron Heating) in Deuterium on FTU showed T_ECE < T_TS for 8 KeV ≤ Te ≤ 14 keV [3]. These differences can be due to the non-Maxwellian nature of the Electron velocity Distribution Function (EDF) [5,6]. The radiation temperature (Trad) measured by ECE is equal to the Te only for a Maxwellian plasma: being Trad dependent on the derivative of the EDF with respect to perpendicular velocity [5]. This paper describes differences of Te measured by ECE (ECE_MP, Martin-Puplett interferometer) and High-Resolution Thomson Scattering (HRTS) diagnostic. HRTS gives independent information on these differences, having shorter space resolution (2 cm), and faster repetition rate (20 Hz) on a different line of sight (16 cm from the magnetic centre): HRTS measurements confirm the trends observed using LIDAR TS [4,5]. Comparison between HRTS and ECE radiometer measurements is also reported (see sec.3).

CNR IRIS
2020 Articolo in rivista open access

Mid Infrared Tomography of Polymer Pipes

Hutchins D. A. ; Huthwaite P. ; Davis L. A. J. ; Billson D. R. ; Senni L. ; Laureti S. ; Ricci M.

Mid-infrared signals in the 2–5 μm wavelength range have been transmitted through samples of polymer pipes, as commonly used in the water supply industry. It is shown that simple through-transmission images can be obtained using a broad spectrum source and a suitable camera. This leads to the possibility of tomography, where images are obtained as the measurement system is rotated with respect to the axis of the pipe. The unusual 3D geometry created by a source of finite size and the imaging plane of a camera, plus the fact that refraction at the pipe wall would cause significant ray bending, meant that the reconstruction of tomographic images had to be considered with some care. A result is shown for a thinning defect on the inner wall of a polymer water pipe, demonstrating that such changes can be reconstructed successfully.

Mid infrared Tomography
CNR IRIS
2010 Articolo in rivista restricted access

Moisture content and strain relation in wood by Bragg grating sensor and unilateral NMR

Senni L. ; Caponero M. ; Casieri C. ; Felli F. ; De Luca F.

The paper describes a low-invasive experimental apparatus designed for the accurate determination of mechanical deformation and moisture content (MC) relationship on macroscopic wood samples. The device is particularly indicated for monitoring wooden handwork whose mechanical deformation is especially critical in relation to its role such as, for example, works of art or architectural works. The MC of wood is measured with a portable single-sided NMR probe and mechanical deformation by a fiber Bragg grating optical sensor. The data obtained are of high accuracy, despite the dimensions of the sample. The methodology provides an effective tool for investigating the dynamic relation between environmental relative humidity, MC, and shrinking-swelling of wood. Adsorption results collected for longitudinal deformation in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) are presented to show the sensitivity of the optical sensor. Interesting findings include the detection of two different mechanisms of elongation and the time evolution of water mobility versus hydration and strain. © 2009 Springer-Verlag.

NMR FBG Moisture content strain wood
CNR IRIS
2009 Articolo in rivista restricted access

A portable NMR sensor for moisture monitoring of wooden works of art, particularly of paintings on wood

Senni L. ; Casieri C. ; Bovino A. ; Gaetani M. C. ; De Luca F.

It is proposed the use of a mobile device based on a NMR single-sided sensor for in situ non-invasive determination of the moisture content (MC) of wood items, especially items of Cultural Heritage interest. The MC is obtained through the moisture volume fraction, which is an appropriate quantity for the sensor and corresponds to the fraction of its measurements sensitive volume occupied by water. The device has been used here to track changes in MC of wood specimens caused by changes over time of the environmental relative humidity. The kinetics of water adsorption has been related to results obtained with the gravimetric method. Measurements on an old painting, the Pietà (1516-1517), oil on a poplar wood panel by Sebastiano del Piombo (1485 Venice, 1547 Rome), Civic Museum, Viterbo, Italy, have shown, conclusively, the good sensitivity of the sensor and its capability to behave as a non-invasive and in situ utilizable device. Results of in situ painting measurements show that the NMR sensor can track moisture fluctuations that are outside the sensitivity range and precision of electro-hygrometric approach. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.

NMR Wood moisture nmonitoring paintings
CNR IRIS
2004 Articolo in rivista restricted access

Determination of moisture fraction in wood by mobile NMR device

Casieri C. ; Senni L. ; Romagnoli M. ; Santamaria U. ; De Luca F.

A mobile NMR probe has been used as a non-destructive and non-invasive tool for water content analysis on wood samples. The porosity index, express as the fraction of the sensitivity volume of the probe occupied by water, is here proposed as an alternative to the moisture content index, namely the amount of water mass with respect to the mass of dried sample. In principle the method can be applied to any kind of porous media that has not detectable proton signal from the rigid matrix as, for instance, in building materials. In wood, where proton signal can be detected also from cellulose and others macromolecular components, some considerations and artifices are here proposed for eliminating this contribution. The method has allowed performing moisture volume fraction analysis on wood samples characterized by different wood species, cutting and moisture contents. The NMR data of moisture detection as volume fraction have successfully been compared with those obtained by the gravimetric method. © 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

NMR in wood NMR porosity Single-sided NMR Wood moisture contents
CNR IRIS