Modulated enhanced diffraction (MED) is a technique allowing the dynamic structural characterization of crystalline materials subjected to an external stimulus, which is particularly suited for in situ and operando structural investigations at synchrotron sources. Contributions from the (active) part of the crystal system that varies synchronously with the stimulus can be extracted by an offline analysis, which can only be applied in the case of periodic stimuli and linear system responses. In this paper a new decomposition approach based on multivariate analysis is proposed. The standard principal component analysis (PCA) is adapted to treat MED data: specific figures of merit based on their scores and loadings are found, and the directions of the principal components obtained by PCA are modified to maximize such figures of merit. As a result, a general method to decompose MED data, called optimum constrained components rotation (OCCR), is developed, which produces very precise results on simulated data, even in the case of nonperiodic stimuli and/or nonlinear responses. The multivariate analysis approach is able to supply in one shot both the diffraction pattern related to the active atoms (through the OCCR loadings) and the time dependence of the system response (through the OCCR scores). When applied to real data, OCCR was able to supply only the latter information, as the former was hindered by changes in abundances of different crystal phases, which occurred besides structural variations in the specific case considered. To develop a decomposition procedure able to cope with this combined effect represents the next challenge in MED analysis.

Nel febbraio del 2010 nei pressi dell'abitato di Maierato, in provincia di Vibo Valentia, si è verificata una frana profonda, evoluta in colata veloce, che ha determinato una condizione di grave emergenza. Le attività di studio e indagine condotte nell'ambito dell'Ordinanza della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3862/2010 ed i successivi approfondimenti, hanno evidenziato la presenza di un'antica frana nella parte sud dell'abitato, in località Vonace. In particolare, lo studio geologico-strutturale e geomorfologico ha evidenziato che si tratta di un antico scorrimento in blocco, costituito da calcare evaporitico messiniano, con movimento lungo una superficie a basso angolo, localizzata all'interno delle sottostanti marne emipelagiche tortoniano-messiniane, prossima al contatto stratigrafico tra le due unità. L'antica scarpata di frana è attualmente modellata ed il blocco di calcare evaporitico traslato si trova nella parte bassa del versante. Su base geologico-geomorfologica non sussistono elementi riconducibili ad una riattivazione dello scorrimento in blocco e un'analoga indicazione si desume dall'analisi di sensitività delle condizioni di stabilità condotta con riferimento al modello geotecnico preliminare. I tempi e le risorse necessari per continuare gli approfondimenti di studio, e la presenza in località Vonace di elementi geologico-strutturali simili a quelli riscontrati nel versante coinvolto dalla frana del febbraio 2010, suggeriscono l'opportunità di utilizzare il monitoraggio per il controllo dell'area e per individuare variazioni significative di grandezze correlabili alle condizioni di instabilità. Nella nota è pertanto illustrata una sperimentazione che vede l'utilizzo di un monitoraggio che considera l'integrazione dei dati acquisiti da misure GPS, inclinometriche e da Ground-Based SAR (GBSAR). In particolare, l'analisi delle misure eseguite fornisce indicazioni circa lo stato di attività della frana antica considerata. Le indicazioni desunte dalla sperimentazione condotta forniscono gli elementi per precisare la strategia di monitoraggio integrato, con tecniche tradizionali e tecnologie innovative, finalizzata al controllo nel medio-lungo termine delle condizioni di movimento ed alla mitigazione del rischio da frana in località Vonace. I risultati ottenuti indirizzano, inoltre, la prosecuzione degli approfondimenti di studio in corso.

Recently, synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) has been recognized as a promising tool to generate high-resolution maps of atmospherical precipitable water vapor temporal changes (Delta PWV) from the propagation delay of radar signal in atmosphere. The relationship between Delta PWV and propagation delay mainly depends on the vertical profiles of temperature and water vapor pressure. In this letter, we present a methodology to study the spatial and temporal variations of the temperature's vertical profile and generate more accurate high-resolution Delta PWV maps by means of InSAR.

The purpose of this article is to present a methodology to identify the sources of activity in brain networks from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data using the multiset canonical correlation analysis algorithm. The aim is to lay the foundations for a screening marker to be used as indicator of mental diseases. Group analysis blind source separation methods have proved reliable to extract the latent sources underlying the brain activities but currently there is no recognized biomarker for mental disorders. Recent studies have identified alterations in the so called default mode network (DMN) that are common to several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. In particular, here we account for the hypothesis that the alterations in the DMN activity can be effectively highlighted by analyzing the transient states between two different tasks. A set of fMRI data acquired from 18 subjects performing working memory tasks is investigated for such purpose. Subjects are patients affected by schizophrenia for one half and healthy control subjects for the other. Under these conditions, the proposed methodology provides high discrimination performances in terms of classification error, thereby providing promising results for a preliminary tool able to monitor the disease state or to perform a prescreening for patients at risk for schizophrenia. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Earth Observation (EO) mining systems aim at supporting efficient access and exploration of large volumes of image products. In this work, we address the problem of content-based image retrieval via example-based queries from Petabyte-scale EO data archives. To this end, we propose an interactive data mining system that relies on distributing unsupervised ingestion processes onto virtual machine instances in elastic, on-demand computing infrastructures that also support archive-scale content indexing via a "big data" analytics cluster-computing framework. In particular, we focus on the analysis of polarimetric SAR data, for which target decomposition theorems have proved fundamental in discovering patterns in data and in characterizing the ground scattering properties. Experiments are carried out on the publicly available UAVSAR full polarimetric data archive, whose basic products amount to about 0.64 PB of storage. We report the results of the tests performed by using a public IaaS. The obtained measures appear promising for data mapping and information retrieval applications.

The role of protein Z (PZ) in the etiology of human disorders is unclear. A number of PZ gene variants, sporadic or polymorphic and found exclusively in the serine protease domain, have been observed. Crystal structures of PZ in complex with the PZ-dependent inhibitor (PZI) have been recently obtained. The aim of this study was a structural investigation of the serine protease PZ domain, aiming at finding common traits across disease-linked mutations. We performed 10-20 ns molecular dynamics for each of the observed PZ mutants to investigate their structure in aqueous solution. Simulation data were processed by novel tools to analyse the residue-by-residue backbone flexibility. Results showed that sporadic mutations are associated with anomalous flexibility of residues belonging to specific regions. Among them, the most important is a loop region which is in contact with the longest I helix of PZI. Other regions have been identified, which hold anomalous flexibility associated with potentially protective gene variants. In conclusion, a possible interpretation of effects associated with observed gene variants is provided. The exploration of PZ/PZI interactions seems essential in explaining these effects.

In this paper, we present the results of an experiment aiming to compare measurements of atmospheric delay by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry and GPS techniques to estimates by numerical weather prediction. Maps of the differential atmospheric delay are generated by processing a set of interferometric SAR images acquired by the ENVISAT-ASAR mission over the Lisbon region from April to November 2009. GPS measurements of the wet zenith delay are carried out over the same area, covering the time interval between the first and the last SAR acquisition. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to model the atmospheric delay over the study area at about the same time of SAR acquisitions. The analysis of results gives hints to devise mitigation approaches of atmospheric artifacts in SAR interferometry applications.

alpha-Helices are peculiar atomic arrangements characterizing protein structures. Their occurrence can be used within crystallographic methods as minimal a priori information to drive the phasing process towards solution. Recently, brute-force methods have been developed which search for all possible positions of alpha-helices in the crystal cell by molecular replacement and explore all of them systematically. Knowing the alpha-helix orientations in advance would be a great advantage for this kind of approach. For this purpose, a fully automatic procedure to find alpha-helix orientations within the Patterson map has been developed. The method is based on Fourier techniques specifically addressed to the identification of helical shapes and operating on Patterson maps described in spherical coordinates. It supplies a list of candidate orientations, which are then refined by using a figure of merit based on a rotation function calculated for a template polyalanine helix oriented along the current direction. The orientation search algorithm has been optimized to work at 3 A resolution, while the candidates are refined against all measured reflections. The procedure has been applied to a large number of protein test structures, showing an overall efficiency of 77% in finding alpha-helix orientations, which decreases to 48% on limiting the number of candidate solutions (to 13 on average). The information obtained may be used in many aspects in the framework of molecular-replacement phasing, as well as to constrain the generation of models in computational modelling programs. The procedure will be accessible through the next release of IL MILIONE and could be decisive in the solution of new unknown structures.

A method that is used to generate synthetic interferograms of the atmospheric phase delay temporal changes is presented. The Weather Research and Forecasting Model is used to forecast the spatial distribution of the main atmospheric parameters at the acquisition times of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The method is applied to mitigate atmospheric artifacts in SAR interferograms. The Lisbon Region and the Pico and Faial Islands in the Azores archipelago are chosen as case studies. They are characterized by a different temporal behavior of atmospheric phase delay properties. Results are assessed by means of a statistical analysis.

The geomorphological evolution of the Pliocene-Quaternary Auletta basin, a wide fault-bounded depression of the southern Apennines axial zone, Italy, was reconstructed using both DEM-based morphometric analysis and classical morphotectonic investigations. Morphotectonic analyses have been integrated with geological, structural and paleomagnetic data in order to reconstruct the Quaternary evolution of the area. The Auletta basin coincides with the lower valley of the Tanagro River and is filled by Pliocene to Pleistocene marine and continental sediments. The strike of the basin is N120-130 degrees, according to the main fault systems of the area. Long-term landscape evolution results from interaction and feedback of geomorphic stages with the morphogenesis of erosional land surfaces alternating with tectonic pulses in which also block-tectonic rotation occurred. The ages of the morphological de-activation of such terraced surfaces have been roughly defined on the grounds of their morpho-stratigraphic relationships with Pliocene and Quaternary deposits, and better constrained by radiometric dating. Tectonic tilting has been established from morphological relationships between rotated blocks related to the activity of the Alburni fault line and the several generations of erosional and depositional land surfaces. The stratigraphic, structural, paleomagnetic and geomorphological data presented here suggest that the studied basin appears to have a more complex tectonic evolution than an extensional graben. Transtensional tectonics along NW-SE striking, listric faults of the Alburni margin system created the depression since Pliocene times, whereas extensional tectonics plays a key role in the middle to late Pleistocene morphotectonic evolution of the basin. This work demonstrates the usefulness of an integrated analysis in order to extract information on tectonic activity and landscape evolution in the Auletta basin, as an example for other study areas.

A method to derive accurate spatially dense maps of 3-D terrain displacement velocity is presented. It is based on the merging of terrain displacement velocities estimated by time series of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data acquired along ascending and descending orbits and repeated GPS measurements. The method uses selected persistent scatterers (PSs) and GPS measurements of the horizontal velocity. An important step of the proposed method is the mitigation of the impact of atmospheric phase delay in InSAR data. It is shown that accurate vertical velocities at PS locations can be retrieved if smooth horizontal velocity variations can be assumed. Furthermore, the mitigation of atmospheric effects reduces the spatial dispersion of vertical velocity estimates resulting in a more spatially regular 3-D velocity map. The proposed methodology is applied to the case study of Azores islands characterized by important tectonic phenomena.

Over the past decade there have been many investigations aimed at defining the role of scientists and research groups in their coauthorship networks. Starting from the assumptions of network analysis, in this work we propose an analytical definition of a collaboration potential between authors of scientific papers based on both coauthorships and content sharing. The collaboration potential can also be considered a useful tool to investigate the relationships between a single scientist and research groups, thus allowing for the identification of characteristic "types" of scientists (integrated, independent, etc.). We computed the collaboration potential for a set of authors belonging to research groups of an institute specialized in the field of Medical Genetics. The methods presented in the paper are rather general as they can be applied to compute a collaboration potential for a network of cooperating actors in every situation in which one can qualify the content of some activities and which of them are in common among the actors of the network.

This work presents the results of a quantitative analysis of an interferometric SAR (InSAR) Digital Elevation Model (DEM), obtained by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The analysis aims to identify additional parameters to recognize areas in southern Italy with different tectonic activity and behaviour. The axial zone of the Campania-Lucania Apennine and the Sila Massif in Calabria, Italy, characterized by quite different evolutionary histories, have been chosen as test areas sufficiently wide to validate observations on a sub-regional scale at least. Geomorphological information on the shape of palaeosurfaces has been used to estimate uplift and/or erosion amounts and rates. Palaeosurfaces are identified on the DEM as regions with an altitude higher than 1000 m a.s.l. and sub-planar land surfaces dipping less than 6 degrees. Information about the shape of palaeosurfaces during the first stage of uplift and before the tectonic-induced block fragmentation has been extracted. A fragmentation index has been computed for these erosional surfaces. The first stage of this landscape evolution has been studied in terms of the geometric characteristics of fragmented blocks. The last erosional stage has been recognized both in terms of geometric characteristics and fragmentation index of the sub-horizontal land surfaces. Altitude and age of the palaeosurfaces, referred to ancient base-levels of the erosion, have been used to estimate the erosional rate.

Viene qui presentata una metodologia d'approccio basata sull'uso di dati di tipo Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) nella risoluzione di problemi legati all'evoluzione geomorfologica di aree di catena ad elevata mobilità tettonica quaternaria. L'ampia area campione prescelta per tale scopo è rappresentata dal bacino intermontano di Auletta, una depressione tettonica bordata da scarpate di linea di faglia a sviluppo decakilometrico e andamento N120-130°, colmata da sedimenti marino-transizionali e continentali di età compresa tra il Pliocene medio ed il Pleistocene medio. Le informazioni estratte dai dati topografici SRTM (elevazione, slope e aspect) sono state utilizzate, unitamente ai dati dell'analisi morfostrutturale tradizionale, per la comprensione dell'evoluzione del rilievo e per definire in tal senso il ruolo delle grandi strutture perimetrali. L'elaborazione dei dati ha inoltre facilitato il calcolo del tasso di erosione sul medio-lungo termine, grazie alla diffusa presenza di marker del sollevamento quaternario come le superfici erosionali sospese.